التحديد النظري لمفهوم التنمية المستدامة
الوطن24/ إعداد: عبد الواحد بلقصري*
يتكون اصطلاح التنمية المستدامة من نقطتين: هما التنمية والمستدامة وقبل أن تطرق لمفهوم التنمية المستدامة سنتطرق الى التنمية لغة :
- التنمية في اللغة مصدر من الفعل نمى يقال انميت الشيء وتنميته وجعله ناميا .
- التنمية اصطلاحا: يقصد بالتنمية الازدهار والتكاثر والزيادة والرضا تعنيه وهي سياق حركي يؤدي الى الاشكال من وضع ساقين غير مرضي الى وضع لاحق يستجيب بكيفية مرضي الى حاجيات وطموحات الشخصية و الجماعية. *1*
و كلمة المستدامة هما مأخوذة من استدامة الشيء أي طلب دوامه واستمراره ومن منطلقنا هذا تبين ان للتنمية المستدامة عدة تعاريف واختلفت باختلاف الحقب الزمنية الفكرية. *2*
تعتبر رئيسة وزراء النرويج بكونها أول من استخدم المصطلح التنمية المستدامة بشكل رسمي سنة1987 في تقرير مستقبلنا المشترك للتعبير عن السعي لتحقيق نوع من العدالة و المساواة بين الاجيال الحالية و المستقبلية اما البنك الدولي فيعتبر نمط الاستدامة هو راس المال و عرف التنمية المستدامة بانها تلك التي تهتم بتشجيع التكافؤ المحتمل الذي يضمن للاجيال القادمة وذلك بضمان ثبات راس المال والشامل أو زيادة المستمرة عبر الزمن
إن تقرير ريوديجنيرو وحسب جدول أعمال القرن 21 عرف التنمية المستدامة بانها تنمية يجب ان تحقق بطريقة توفقي وتساوي في ارضاء واتساع الحاجيات المرتبطة بالتنمية و البيئة للأجيال الحاضرة و المستقبلية. التزمت المملكة المغربية برفع تحديات القرن الواحد والعشرين من خلال اعتماد التنمية المستدامة كمشروع مجتمعي وكنموذج تنموي جديد ومتجدد، بفضل التوجهات المتبصرة لصاحب الجلالة الملك محمد السادس نصره الله.*3*
وقد تكرس هذا الالتزام كخيار استراتيجي منذ سنة 1992 من خلال خطاب صاحب الجلالة بمناسبة انعقاد مؤتمر قمة الأرض الأولى بريو البرازيلية عندما كان وليا للعهد آنذاك والذي رسم من خلاله رؤيته للركائز الأساسية لبناء نموذج مجتمعي جديد.
ومنذ ذلك الحين، تم تفعيل هذا الالتزام بالمبادئ الأساسية للتنمية المستدامة من خلال سلسلة من الإصلاحات المتتالية بهدف بناء التنمية الاقتصادية على أسس صلبة وتحسين الظروف الاجتماعية، وتسريع وتيرة الإنجازات البيئية عبر اعتماد الإجراءات الوقائية والعلاجية.
والتنمية المستدامة تهدف إلى تحقيق توازن بين الاحتياجات المختلفة وأحيانا المتضادة من جهة، وبين الوعي بالمحدودية البيئية والمجتمعية والاقتصادية التي نوجهها كمجتمع من جهة أخرى.فالتنمية المستدامة هي أسلوب للتغيير يكون فيه كل من: ـــ استغلال الموارد؛ توجيه الاستثمارات؛ توجيه التطور التكنولوجي ؛ التغيير المؤسساتي ؛ وذلك في انسجام لتعزيز الامكانيات الحالية والمستقبلية لتلبية احتياجات الناس وتطلعاتهم.*4*
إذن ؛ التنمية المستدامة يمكن أن تكون مفيدة على المستوى القريب والمتوسط للأجيال الحالية، ومفيدة على المدى البعيد للأجيال المستقبلية، على سبيل المثال: الحث على السير على الأقدام أو استخدام الدراجات الهوائية بدل السياقة، لا يحقق فقط توفيرا ماليا وتحسين الحالة الصحية للجيل الحالي فحسب، بل يتعدى ذلك إلى الحفاظ على البيئة للأجيال المستقبلية. كوتها يشترك فيها الجميع (المواطنون، الحكومات، المؤسسات الغير حكومية، المؤسسات الدولية، …إلى آخره).
إن مفهوم التنمية المستدامة من المفاهيم التي يكتنفها الكثير من الغموض واللبس من حيث صعوبة تقديم تعريف عملي لهذا المفهوم، وقد تم ملاحظة أن هذا المفهوم يحمل كل معنى يود المؤلفون عرضه في قضاياهم المختلفة مهما كان نوع وخلفية تلك القضايا. بل وقد سخر البعض الآخر من أن غموض مفهوم التنمية المستدامة ربما كان السبب الرئيسي وراء شيوع وانتشار استخدام مفهوم التنمية المستدامة وبأن الاتفاق على هدف غير محدد قد يضفي المزيد. و من الغموض واللبس على الاختلافات المفهومة ضمنا وفي هذا الصدد، فقد قام العديد من الاقتصاديين، ومع زيادة الاهتمام بهذا المفهوم، بمحاولات كثيرة لتقديم تعريف أو تفسير لمفهوم التنمية المستدامة.
المراجع والهوامش :
- Raymond-Alain Thietart, La planification (chapitre 1), dans, Le management, 2017, p 25.
- مدحت أبو النصر، ياسمين مدحت محمد، التنمية المستدامة، المجموعة العربية للتدريب والنشر، القاهرة، مصر، 2017، ص 67.
- الاستراتيجية الوطنية للتنمية المستدامة في أفق 2030، ص 6.
- Bruno Boidin, Développement humain, développement durable et «pays en développement » : comment articuler et mesurer les différentes dimensions ?, in, Revue Développement Durable et Territoires, Dossier 3, 2004, (en ligne).
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